Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Therapy

Keywords

Pararenal aortic aneurysm; Thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm; Stent-graft; Fenestrated graft; Branched graft; Endovascular procedures

Abbreviations: ASG: Aortic Stent Graft; ETAA: Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Aneurysm; LZ: Landing Zone; CTA: Computed Tomography Angiography;EIA: External Iliac Artery; VA:Visceral Arteries; AAA:Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms; TAAA: Thoraco-Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms;CM: Contrast Medium; ICU: Intensive Care Unit;s-ICU: sub-Intensive Care Unit; PL: Proximal Landing; CT: Coeliac Trunk); SMA: Superior Mesenteric Artery; RRA: Right Renal Artery; LRA: Left Renal Artery; BB: Bird-Beak; ET: Elephant Trunk; PRAA: Para-Renal Aortic Aneurysm; RRAA: Renal Arteries; JRAA: Juxta-Renal Aortic Aneurysm; F-EVAR: Fenestrated Endovascular Aneurysm Repair; B-EVAR: Branched Endovascular Aneurysm Repair; PG: Parallel Graft; PLZ: Proximal Landing Zone; LSA: Left Subclavian Artery

Introduction

The Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Aneurysm (ETAA) has increased dramatically in the last decades because the lower morbidity and mortality. The ASG, must be delivered at the level of an healthy Landing Zone (LZ). If the LZs are un-suitable [1-3], several demanding procedures such as Fenestrated or Branched stent-grafts or Parallel Graftshave been designed to extend in healty aorta [4-6]. A new custom-made ASG platform, the Dominus™ (Braile Biomedica^®, São José do Rio Preto, Brasilon the design of Endovsmarts.r.l.™, Bergamo, Italy), is available on the market for simplifying the procedure. This ASG relies on the principle of modulating theradial force. We report our preliminary experience, focusing on the device design, the technical features and the early results.

Methods

The study was conducted in our tertiary vascular referral hospital between January 2018 and December 2019. The use of the Dominus ASG platform was approved by the hospital Ethic Committee. All patients were classified as high risk for open surgery (Table 1) and gave their written informed consent for the procedure and personal details publishing.

Anatomic criteria: All the patients underwent to preoperative Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA), (Phillips Brilliance Extended Workspace CT 16-slice, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) of the thoraco-abdominal aorta. The CTA images were processed by 3-dimensional reconstruction software (OsiriX; Pixmeo SARL, Bernex, Switzerland). The Dominus ASG was indicated on patients, previously rejected by other current commercially available devices [7-11], because ofthe proximal LZ,aortic angulation, External Iliac Artery (EIA) diameterand aneurysmal involvement of Visceral Arteries (VA), scored as severe or difficult[1-3,12].

Device constructive design: The Dominus™ platform carries an ASG up to 50 mm in diameter with, at the occurrence, 4 external or internal pre-wired branches. The minimum required proximal and distal LZ starts from 10 mm in length with an aortic neck inner diameters up to 46 mm. The different stentsconfiguration, amplitude of the fenestrations and the presence of bared stents interconnected by Dacron collars and patches, modulate theradial force, allowing the adaption of the ASG with the complex anatomy and the patency of VA. The ASG is constrained within the radiopaque, polymeric, hydrophilic sheath that facilitates the progression of the device in the tortuous anatomy. The retraction of the sheath, by a trigger handle or by a pull-back manouvre, delivers the ASG.

ASG design:

• Stents orientation (peak to peak or peak to valley)

• The ASG is made by independent nitynol stents, sewn on a Dacron textile (Figure 1a), with different orientations. The “peak to valley”orientation of the stents (Figure 1b) increases the flexibility that fits the aortic curves better (Video 1).The “peak to peak” orientation of the stents (Figure 1c), gives an increase of the rigidity and columnar support, that fit in the straight sections of the aorta.

• Dacron collar interconnecting free-flow apexes

• The radial force of the free-flow and the first covered stent, ensure respectively anchoring and sealing. The interconnexion of the apexes of the free-flow with a thin Dacron collar (2 mm in width) (Figure 1b) displaces and increases the radial force at the level of the first covered stent with a consequent improvement of the sealing.

• Large fenestrations

Fenestrations up to 360° (Figure 1a,1c,1d) and large up to 15 mm , allow to extend, proximally or distally, the LZ without impairment of the targets vessels patency.

• Scallops

The scallops can have different measures (Figure 1a). According to the anatomy, the stent can be realized in an asymmetric configuration for keeping the area of the scallop free.

• Interconnecting patches

The bare stents at the level of the large fenestrations, can be a point of uncontrolled radial force and ineffective adaptation of the ASG. The inter-stents Dacron patches modulate the radial force at this level (Figure 1c,1d).

• Nosecone length

The nosecone is normally 5 cm long. Itis available shorter up to 1,5 cm, for an easier device housing in short zone zero.

• Internal-external side branch

In suprarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA) and Thoraco- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (TAAA) the gap between the fenestration and the VA has to be bridged [13]. When the aneurysmal sac has not sufficient room for the bridging stents the side branches can be designed in totally internal or in internalexternal pattern (Figure 1e).

• Anti kinking structure

The device is armed with 3 levels of rigidity making the structure anti-kinking.

• Free proximal segment of the ASG

After the ASG release, the absence of any proximal structural components related to the delivery mechanism of the ASG, enables the cannulation from the top.

• Patients and procedures

All the procedures were performed under general endotracheal anesthesia.

Three patients had a femoral access and 3 patients had a brachial access, through echo-guided percutaneous puncture, closed respectively by Perclose ProGlide (Abbott International, Diegem, Belgium) and by manual compression. One patient had a surgical cut down because the heavy calcifications.

The patients were systemically heparinized to achieve an activated clotting time >250 seconds. In TAAA, the spinal cord ischemia protection was obtained, in case 1 with thecerebrospinal fluid drainage and in case 2, by a 2-steps procedure.All the ASGs were enginered with 15% of oversizing. Once delivered,the adaptation of the ASG to the aortic wall was assured by compliant balloon inflation.

Asprimary endpoints we considered 30-day clinical and technical success, defined respectively as the absence of any major adverse event and the successful introduction, deployment of the device and patency of the bridging stents, without any type of surgical conversion or mortality, type I or III endoleaks or graft limb obstruction. As secondary endpoints we considered, neurologic events, any complication at the access site, the fluoroscopy time, the Contrast Medium (CM) volume , the time of procedure, acute kidney injurydefined as an absolute rise in creatinine of ≥ 0,5 mg/ dl at 24 or 48 hours [14], the number of days in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), in sub-Intensive Care Unit (s-ICU), and the hospital length of stay. The follow-up was made by clinical examination and by CTA at 1, 3, 6 months and then yearly.

Cases Series

The clinical and procedural details of the patients are listed in Table 1. The anatomic measurements are listed in Table 2.

Table 1. Clinical characteristics and procedural details of 4 patients treated in the preliminary Dominus Biomedica^® ASG study.

Table 2: Anatomic measurements of 4 patients treated in the preliminary Dominus Biomedica^® ASG study.

Case 1: a 61 y/o femalewas admitted because of asymptomatic Crawford type 2 TAAA s/p surgical repair of ascending aorta aneurysm. The preoperative CTA showed a type III aortic arch, a 78° aortic arch angulation, a 15 mm length Proximal Landing (PL) in zone 2 (Figure 2a) and EIA measuring 6 mm diameter.The abrupt change of the diameter of the aneurysm at the level of the Coeliac Trunk (CT)and Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA), respectively 54 mm and 40 mm (Figure 2a and Table 2) let little room.

A 22 Fr device carried a thoracic stent graft of 36x40x175 mm. The apexes of the free-flow, 12 mm in length, were interconnected among them with a 3 mm Dacron collar, to achieve a better radial force at the proximal LZ (Figure 2b and Table 3). A 22 Fr device, carried an abdominal stent graft, of 42x24x246 mm, with 6 mm internal branches for the CT, SMA and Right Renal Artery (RRA) and one internal-external 6 mm branch for Left Renal Artery (LRA) (Figure 2c and Table 3). Postoperative result is shown in Figure 2d. The patient was discharged on 6th postoperative day (Table 4). The 3 months postoperative CTA confirmed the effective results in terms of ASG conformation at zone 3, sealing, absence of any any Bird-Beack (BB) sign, andalignment of the circumferential fenestration with the subclavian artery with patency of supraortic and abdominal vessels (Figure 2e).

Table 3: ASG details of 4 patients treated in the preliminary Dominus Biomedica^® ASG study.

Case 2: a 73 y/o female was admitted because of asymptomatic Crawford type I TAAA s/p Elephant Trunk (ET) procedure. The preoperative CTA showed a type III aortic arch, a 68° aortic arch angulation, a 30° angulation at the level of the 9th vertebral body, resulting in a huge tortuousity of the distal segment of the elephant trunk (Figure 3a and Table 2) andEIA measuring 6 mm diameter. The spinal cord ischemia risk was prevented by a 2-stepsprocedure. During the first step we negotiated the kinked descending aorta by a 22 Fr device, carrying an ASG (40-38-250 mm), overlapping 60 mm inside the elephant trunk graft and ending 2 cm below the angle of the kinked aorta. The two first proximal stents were configured “peak-to-valley” for increasing the overlapping radial force while the distal stents were in “peak-to- valley” configuration for better adapting to the angulation (Figure 3b). During the second step (2 weeks later) a 22 Frdevice carried an ASG (42x38x180) with “peak-to-valley” configuration for better flexibility at the level of the kinked aorta (Figure 3c and Table 3). Postoperative results are shown in Figure 3d.

A delayed right retroperitoneal hematoma occurred on the 5th, postoperative day, at the level of the right EIA emploied as access, that was treated by a covered stent.

The patient was discharged on 7thand 4thpostoperative days respectively after the 1st step and the 2nd step (Table 4). The 6 months postoperative CTA confirmed the correct patency of the stent grafts and aneurysm exclusion (Figure 3e).

Table 4: Postoperative results of 4 patients treated in the preliminary dominusbiomedica^® ASG study.

Case 3: A 82 y/o female was admitted because of an asymptomatic Para-Renal Aortic Aneurysm (PRAA). The preoperative abdominal CTA showed a 90° alfa angle, the absence of the aortic neck, a60° aortic angle(Figure 4a and Table 2), and EIAs measuring 6 mm in diameter. The PL wasextended to zone 6. A 22 Fr device carried a bifurcated, bi-modular, ASG (30x14x234 mm). One Dacron collar interconnected the free-flow apexes, at the level of the CT, and two 360° fenestrations served respectively the SMA and Renal Arteries (RRAA) (Figure 4b and Table 3). A 10 mm Dacron interspace between the SMA and RRAA fenestrations accommodatedthe ASG to the 90° alfa angle (Figure 4b). A 16x14x100 BraileBiomedica^® left limb stent graft completed the procedure. The patient was discharged on 6th postoperative day (Table 4). Postoperative result are shown in (Figure 4c). The 3 months follow-up CTA confirmed the effective relining and exclusion of the angulated aortic aneurysm (Figure 4d).

Case 4: A 82 y/o male was admitted because of an asymptomatic Juxta-Renal Aortic Aneurysm (JRAA) s/p AAA open repair, developed at the level of the residual aortic neck of the previous aneurismectomy. The preoperativeCTA showed an abrupt change of the visceral aorta diameter, in 13 mm of length, from 31 mm just below the SMA up to 40 mm at the level of RRA; a mural thrombus, 15 mm in thickness, involved the origin of the RRAA (Figure 5a) (Table 2). The diameter of EIA was 6 mm. The zone 5 was indicated as proximal LZ. A 22 Fr device carried the ASG (32x28x180 mm), with one 360° fenestration for CT, one standard coaxial fenestration of 7 mm in diameter for SMA, and 6 mm internal side branchs for both RRAA. Two stents in “peak-to-valley” configuration assured the ASG flexibility at the level of infrarenal aorta (Figure 5b) (Table 3). Postoperative results are shown in Figure 5c.

The patient was discharged on 5th day (Table 4). The 1 year postoperative CTA showed the patency of the VA with exclusion of the aneurysm (Figure 5d).

Results

The 30-day clinical and technical success were 100%. The technical details are listed in Table 3 and the Post-operative course in Table 4. There was neither neurologic event nor renal function impairment. The mean fluoroscopy time, CM volume and the time of procedure were 17,2 minutes, 300 ml and 228 minutes respectively.

The mean time of hospitalization was 5,6 days. The cumulative period of observation was 64 months and the median follow up was 16 months (range: 8-24).

Discussion

Because the clear survival advantage in postoperative and mid-term run, ETAA has largely replaced open repair of more aortic aneurysms, but the severity of the anatomy affects the intraoperative and short-term results [3,15,16] and in challenging cases the complex anatomymakes the procedure unfeasible.

If the LZs are un-suitable, several skillness demanding procedures have been developed to allow the seal and the anchoring. Surgical arterial debranching during hybrid procedure have shown satisfactory results, anyway it cannot be considered a minimally invasive procedure and exposes the patient to a longer intervention in case of one-step procedure, or to a risk of rupture during the delay, in case of two-step procedure [6,17].

Fenestrated Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (F-EVAR) allows endovascular options for JRAA [18-20], but it is however a complex endovascular technique, requiring high level of expertise and, is burdened with a not negligible rate of complications during the follow up [21]. Branched Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (B-EVAR) is another level of technological complexity, buteven in high turnover centers, has a mortality rates of 10% and not insignificant risks of paraplegia [22,23].

The alternative Parallel Graft (PG), performed with “off the shelf” material, has several advantages but it cannot be considered easier than F-EVAR or B-EVAR and furthermore it is not standardized [24-26]. The off-the-shelf endograft with physician-modified ASG, allows a postoperative mortality comparable to current results of F-EVARand PG in terms of type Iaendoleak, branch stent occlusion and procedure time [27], but it requires an adjunctive time for modification and a specific learning curve [28].

The new custom-made Dominus Biomedica^® ASG, by the radial force modulation, is thought to simplify the ETAA. The aim of this first study is to evaluate the concept, technical aspects, clinical safety, and functionality.

In case 1, the type 3, the short length of the Proximal Landing Zone (PLZ) and the severe angulation of the aortic arch hampered the precise adaptation of the ASG with lack of sealing, so we moved the PL in zone 3 (Figure 2a), covering the origin of the Left Subclavian Artery (LSA) and potential need of a carotid-subclavian bypass. The peculiar technical solution of the Dominus stent graft, with 3 mm in width, Dacron collar, interconnecting the apexes of the free-flow and the proximal first two stents in “peak-to-valley” modality (Figure 2b), increased respectively, the radial force of the ASG at the level of the shortPLZ and improved the adaptation of the ASG to the severe aortic arch angulation. The anti-kinking structure of the shaft, enabled the device to negotiate the narrowed iliac access and the angulated gothic aortic arch. The ASG was released with precise collimation of the free-flowand of the Dacron collar(Figure 2e) preserving mean-time the patency of the subclavian artery. In the abdominal segment of the TAAA, because of the little room of the aneurysmal sac, it was crucial to deliver the ASG with the best orientation of the internal branchs with the target arteries.

The abdominal ASG was deployed with 45 mm overlap inside the thoracic ASG. The antegrade portals cannulation of the 4 side endo-branches was expeditious and their location inside the ASG lumen allowed sufficient space, inside the anevrysmal sac, for the deployment of the bridging-stents.

In case 2 the descending thoracic aorta presented a 30° angulation located in zone 4-5 (Figure 3a). In this case the challenge was to cross the kinked descending aorta with the 22 Fr device and to deploy the device at the level of the ET. The antegrade through-and- trough wire technique and the anti-kinking structure of the shaft allowed sufficient support and trackability for the progression of the ASG. The different stents configuration guaranteed the flexibility of the ASG to follow the morphology of the aneurysm without any kinking or bending (Figures 3b and 3c).

In case 3, the PRAA presented an alfa angle of 90°, the absence of infra-renal aortic neck and an aortic angle of 60° that hampered the anchoring, the sealing and the collimation maneuvers of the ASG during the delivery (Figure 4a). In this case, the anchoring was obtained extending the PL in zone 6, covering the CT, SMA and RRAA which patency was assured by the respective circumferential fenestrations. The sealing was obtained by the Dacron interspaces, among the bare stents of the circumferential fenestrations. These fabric interspaces, acting as pivot point of the metallic scaffold (Video 1), adapted the ASG to the angulations of the aortic neck (Figures 4b and 4c). Furthermore, the stiffness of Dacron textile, in this point of morphologic transition, assured the columnar support for maintaining the ASG in correct place [29]. It was enough to deliver the ASG at the correct height without any need of collimation and catheterization of the target arteries (Figures 4c and 4d).

In Case 4, the JRAAhad a diameter of 40 mm, at the level of the RRAA, with a large mural thrombus that limited the space of the aneurysmal room for the external branches (Figure 5a). The PL was moved to zone 5 (Figure 5b). The patency of the CT was assured by a circumferential fenestration. At the level of the SMA the diameter of the aorta was 31 mm, preventing the possibility of a large fenestration including CT and SMA because of the risk of a type 2 leak.

This problem was fixed with a normal axial fenestration and a covered stent to the SMA. Due to the aortic diameter enlargement, at the level ofthe RRAA (40 mm), presenting a thick mural thrombus reducing the aneurysmal room, the ASG was engineered with two internal branchs that, once cannulated from the top, left sufficient space for the delivery of the bridging covered stent to RRAA (Figure 5b).

One more Braileendograft distinctive features is the absence of structural components at the proximal part of the ASG which prevent the cannulation from the top.This was useful in case 1 and 3, were the target arteries had a downward course. The proximal cannulation, following the oblique direction of the VA take-off, facilitated the engagement. Others ASG allow the proximal cannulation but their employment is limited to suprarenal aortic segment without any possibility to extend proximally with TEVAR.

Concerning the access, a diameter of EIA ≤ 7 mm is scored as difficult for progression and delivery of the device [12]. EVAR and TEVAR usually require a large access site, up to 24 French sheath, for accommodating all the graft components. Our 4 patients presented an EIA diameter of 6 mm, that isnot suitable for housing a 24 Fr device, especially in tortuous courses. In case 2 the 22 FrBraile sheath advanced anyway but the postoperative course was complicated by the lesion of theright EIA, notwithstandingit was possible to deliverthe ASG withcorrect collimation of the fenestrations andorientation of the branches.

To overcome the difficulties of the complex anatomies, the Dominus™ ASG has expandedthe horizon of customization. The entire ASG is designed strictly following the morphology of the aorta. This allows for precise adaptation of the ASG to the variable morphology of the aneurysm.The fenestrations and the branches may be engineered in different ways for bridging variable gaps between the ASG and the target arteries.

In our experience, the peculiar Dominus’s ASG design allowed to exclude the aneurysm of patients not otherwise treatable, simplifying a complex procedure. The total mean fluoroscopy time, including the patient with 2 steps ETAA, was 17,2 min. This value of fluoroscopy time is less than 36, 79 and 56 min, for complex ETAA respectively treated by mobile C-arm, fixed C-arm or fixed C-arms with 3-dimensional image fusion, as reported by de Ruiter et al. in their metanalysis [30]. Regarding the CM, the mean volume of 300 ml employed in our experience is in the range of the volume reported in complex aortic aneurysm [31]. The mean time of procedure was 228 min. This values is less than 350 min reported in TAAA and is less than 250 min in JRAA treated by combined imaging protocol using low-frequency pulsed fluoroscopy, fusion imaging, and low-concentration iodine contrast for endovascular aneurysmrepair of aortic aneurysms of varying complexity, as reported by Dias et al. [31].

The limits of this report are the number of the patients and the duration of the FU. We need to enroll more patients to follow the fate of this ASG as a function of the modification of the aortic wall and the patency of the sidebranchs.

Conclusions

Advances in endograft technology has broadened the applications of this technique to the complex TAAA and AAA. The Dominus Biomedica^® ASG, relying on the innovative principle of modulation of the radial force, seems able to fit to the extreme aortic anatomies, allowing the patency of VA with an effective sealing. Our preliminary experience on 4 cases shows satisfactory results in complex TAAA and in AAA, considered unfit for endo-repair and refused by current manufacturers. More patients and longer follow-up are needed to validate these outcomes.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. S. Palimaru for her support in the drafting of texts, figures and tables.

Financial Support

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare the following potential conflicts of interestwith respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of thisarticle: the corresponding author Gaetano La Barbera is proctor for Endovsmarts.r.l.

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